The Power of Allusion in Hamilton: Unpacking the Macbeth References

The hit musical Hamilton, created by Lin-Manuel Miranda, is known for its clever use of language and historical context. One of the most intriguing aspects of the show is its incorporation of allusions to other works of literature, including Shakespeare's Macbeth. In this article, we'll delve into the significance of these references and explore how they add depth and complexity to the story.

The verse in the song 'Take a Break' ends with an allusion comparing Congress to Birnam Woods on its way to Dunsinane. This reference is significant because it mirrors the events of Macbeth, where MacDuff's troops bring Birnam Woods to Dunsinane Castle, using the forest's branches as cover and fulfilling the Witches' prophecy. This parallel highlights the tensions between James Madison (Alexander's ally) and Thomas Jefferson (his antagonist), echoing the relationships between Banquo and Macbeth in Macbeth.

The mention of Macbeth is not a one-off reference; Alexander continues to use the play and its characters as an allegory for his own struggles. The poorly chosen Macbeth namedrop is actually a clever device, as it sets up Alexander's downfall and ultimately leads to his ruin. This moment is preceded by a turning point in Alexander's life - his affair with Maria Reynolds.

Miranda has pointed out that the mention of Macbeth occurs just before this significant event, but fans need not worry about a curse being placed on the show. However, the song immediately follows this line with another direct reference to Macbeth: 'They think me Macbeth and ambition my folly.' This invocation of the curse is a clever device, risking disaster for any theater or troupe that dares to perform Hamilton.

The phrase 'Take A Break' sets up Alexander's comparison between his own troubles and those of Macbeth's. The musical carefully avoids mentioning the true title of the play, instead using the term 'Scottish tragedy.' The song begins with one of Macbeth's most famous lines: 'Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow/Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,' which is a soliloquy by Macbeth in Act 5, Scene 5 of the play.

In conclusion, the references to Macbeth in Hamilton are more than just clever wordplay; they add depth and complexity to the story. By using these allusions, Miranda creates a rich tapestry of historical context and literary nuance that enriches our understanding of Alexander's life and struggles. So next time you watch Hamilton, keep an eye out for these subtle references - they're sure to enhance your viewing experience!

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